#include <algorithm>
#include <array>
#include <cmath>
#include <limits>
#include <memory>
#include <stdexcept>

#include <catch2/catch_test_macros.hpp>
#include <mfem.hpp>

import mean_field;
import test_helpers;

namespace prepared_pressure_force_test_utils {
    using DomainSchema = mean_field::utils::domain::CoreEnvelopeVacuumDomainSchema;

    using CoupledForm  = mean_field::utils::blocks::barotropic_equilibrium_form;

    struct Maps final {
        mean_field::field::FieldDofMap density;
        mean_field::field::FieldDofMap displacement;
        mean_field::field::FieldDofMap gravityFlux;
        mean_field::field::FieldDofMap gravityPotential;
        mean_field::field::FieldDofMap enthalpy;

        explicit Maps(const mean_field::fem::FEM &f)
            : density(
                  mean_field::field::make_field_dof_map<
                      mean_field::field::Density,
                      DomainSchema>(*f.densityFes)
              ),
              displacement(
                  mean_field::field::make_field_dof_map<
                      mean_field::field::Displacement,
                      DomainSchema>(*f.displacementFes)
              ),
              gravityFlux(
                  mean_field::field::make_field_dof_map<
                      mean_field::field::Gravity,
                      DomainSchema>(*f.gravityFluxFes)
              ),
              gravityPotential(
                  mean_field::field::make_field_dof_map<
                      mean_field::field::Gravity,
                      DomainSchema>(*f.gravityPotentialFes)
              ),
              enthalpy(
                  mean_field::field::make_field_dof_map<
                      mean_field::field::Enthalpy,
                      DomainSchema>(*f.enthalpyFes)
              ) {
        }
    };

    [[nodiscard]] mfem::Vector make_affine_displacement(
        const mean_field::fem::FEM &f,
        const double scale
    ) {
        mfem::ParGridFunction field(f.displacementFes.get());
        mfem::VectorFunctionCoefficient coefficient(
            f.mesh->Dimension(), [scale](const mfem::Vector &position, mfem::Vector &value) {
                value.SetSize(position.Size());
                for (int dimension = 0; dimension < position.Size(); ++dimension) {
                    value(dimension) = scale * position(dimension);
                }
            }
        );
        field.ProjectCoefficient(coefficient);

        mfem::Vector result;
        field.GetTrueDofs(result);
        return result;
    }

    [[nodiscard]]
    mfem::Vector make_positive_enthalpy_true(
        const mean_field::fem::FEM &f,
        const double phase
    ) {
        mfem::Vector enthalpy(f.enthalpyFes->GetTrueVSize());

        for (int index = 0; index < enthalpy.Size(); ++index) {
            const double position = static_cast<double>(index + 1);

            enthalpy(index) =
                0.93 + 0.09 * std::sin(0.23 * position + phase) + 0.04 * std::cos(0.17 * position - 0.5 * phase);
        }

        return enthalpy;
    }

    [[nodiscard]]
    mfem::Vector make_enthalpy_direction_true(
        const mean_field::fem::FEM &f,
        const double phase
    ) {
        mfem::Vector direction(f.enthalpyFes->GetTrueVSize());

        for (int index = 0; index < direction.Size(); ++index) {
            const double position = static_cast<double>(index + 1);

            direction(index) =
                0.27 * std::sin(0.19 * position + phase) + 0.14 * std::cos(0.13 * position - 0.5 * phase);
        }

        return direction;
    }

    [[nodiscard]]
    mfem::Vector make_displacement_direction_true(
        const mean_field::fem::FEM &f,
        const double phase
    ) {
        MFEM_VERIFY(
            f.mesh->Dimension() == 3, "The prepared pressure-force test requires a "
                                      "three-dimensional mesh."
        );

        mfem::ParGridFunction directionField(f.displacementFes.get());

        mfem::VectorFunctionCoefficient directionCoefficient(
            3, [phase](const mfem::Vector &position, mfem::Vector &value) {
                const double x = position(0);

                const double y = position(1);

                const double z = position(2);

                value.SetSize(3);

                value(0) = 0.019 * x + 0.011 * y * z - 0.006 * z * z + 0.004 * phase * y;

                value(1) = -0.016 * y + 0.008 * x * z + 0.005 * x * x - 0.003 * phase * z;

                value(2) = 0.013 * z - 0.010 * x * y + 0.006 * y * y + 0.004 * phase * x;
            }
        );

        directionField.ProjectCoefficient(directionCoefficient);

        mfem::Vector directionTrue;

        directionField.GetTrueDofs(directionTrue);

        return directionTrue;
    }

    [[nodiscard]]
    double relative_difference(
        const mfem::Vector &left,
        const mfem::Vector &right,
        const MPI_Comm communicator
    ) {
        MFEM_VERIFY(
            left.Size() == right.Size(), "Cannot compare prepared pressure-force vectors with "
                                         "different sizes."
        );

        mfem::Vector difference(left);

        difference -= right;

        const double scale = std::max(
            {gravity_prepared_test_utils::global_norm(left, communicator),
             gravity_prepared_test_utils::global_norm(right, communicator),
             100.0 * std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon()}
        );

        return gravity_prepared_test_utils::global_norm(difference, communicator) / scale;
    }

    [[nodiscard]]
    mean_field::operators::context::pressure_force::PressureForceDependencies make_dependencies() {
        return {
            .discretization = {.identity = 1201, .revision = 3},
            .enthalpy       = {.identity = 1213, .revision = 5},
            .displacement   = {.identity = 1217, .revision = 7}
        };
    }

    constexpr auto densityValue =
        mean_field::utils::blocks::get_value_block<CoupledForm>(mean_field::utils::blocks::density_field.mass_term);

    constexpr auto displacementValue = mean_field::utils::blocks::get_value_block<CoupledForm>(
        mean_field::utils::blocks::displacement_field.geometry_term
    );

    constexpr auto gravityGradientValue =
        mean_field::utils::blocks::get_value_block<CoupledForm>(mean_field::utils::blocks::gravity_field.gradient_term);

    constexpr auto gravityPotentialValue =
        mean_field::utils::blocks::get_value_block<CoupledForm>(mean_field::utils::blocks::gravity_field.poisson_term);

    constexpr auto enthalpyValue = mean_field::utils::blocks::get_value_block<CoupledForm>(
        mean_field::utils::blocks::enthalpy_field.specific_term
    );

    constexpr auto barotropicConstantValue = mean_field::utils::blocks::get_value_block<CoupledForm>(
        mean_field::utils::blocks::barotropic_constant_field.mass_normalization_term
    );

    constexpr auto gravityGradientResidual = mean_field::utils::blocks::get_residual_block<CoupledForm>(
        mean_field::utils::blocks::gravity_field.gradient_term
    );

    constexpr auto gravityPotentialResidual = mean_field::utils::blocks::get_residual_block<CoupledForm>(
        mean_field::utils::blocks::gravity_field.poisson_term
    );

    constexpr auto densityResidual =
        mean_field::utils::blocks::get_residual_block<CoupledForm>(mean_field::utils::blocks::density_field.mass_term);

    constexpr auto displacementResidual = mean_field::utils::blocks::get_residual_block<CoupledForm>(
        mean_field::utils::blocks::displacement_field.geometry_term
    );

    constexpr auto enthalpyResidual = mean_field::utils::blocks::get_residual_block<CoupledForm>(
        mean_field::utils::blocks::enthalpy_field.specific_term
    );

    constexpr auto massResidual = mean_field::utils::blocks::get_residual_block<CoupledForm>(
        mean_field::utils::blocks::barotropic_constant_field.mass_normalization_term
    );

    [[nodiscard]]
    mean_field::operators::BarotropicEquilibriumLayout make_coupled_layout(const Maps &maps) {
        const std::array<int, CoupledForm::value_block_count> valueSizes{
            maps.density.reduced_size(),          maps.displacement.reduced_size(), maps.gravityFlux.reduced_size(),
            maps.gravityPotential.reduced_size(), maps.enthalpy.reduced_size(),     1
        };

        const std::array<int, CoupledForm::residual_block_count> residualSizes{
            maps.gravityFlux.reduced_size(),  maps.gravityPotential.reduced_size(), maps.density.reduced_size(),
            maps.displacement.reduced_size(), maps.enthalpy.reduced_size(),         1
        };

        return {valueSizes, residualSizes};
    }

    template <int index>
    [[nodiscard]]
    mfem::Vector copy_residual_block(
        const mfem::Vector &action,
        const mean_field::operators::BarotropicEquilibriumLayout &layout,
        const mean_field::utils::blocks::residual_block<index> block
    ) {
        mfem::Vector result(layout.size(block));

        const int offset = layout.offset(block);

        for (int entry = 0; entry < result.Size(); ++entry) {
            result(entry) = action(offset + entry);
        }

        return result;
    }
} // namespace prepared_pressure_force_test_utils

TEST_CASE(
    "Prepared Pressure Force Uses FieldDof Supported Dimensions And Owns Its "
    "Context",
    tags::barotrope &tags::pressure &tags::prepared &tags::field &tags::unit
) {
    mean_field::utils::Args args = test_utils::setup_args();

    mean_field::fem::FEM f       = mean_field::fem::setup_fem(args.mesh_file, args, 0);

    REQUIRE(f.okay());

    const prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::Maps maps(f);

    const mean_field::eos::Polytrope equationOfState(3.0, 0.25);

    mean_field::operators::PreparedPressureForceOperator preparedOperator(f, *f.domainMapperStateless, equationOfState);

    REQUIRE(maps.enthalpy.reduced_size() < maps.enthalpy.full_size());

    CHECK(maps.displacement.is_identity());

    CHECK(preparedOperator.GetEnthalpySize() == maps.enthalpy.reduced_size());

    CHECK(preparedOperator.GetDisplacementSize() == maps.displacement.reduced_size());

    CHECK(
        &preparedOperator.GetContext().GetPreparationStatistics() == &preparedOperator.GetContextPreparationStatistics()
    );
}

TEST_CASE(
    "Prepared Pressure Force Reports Expected EOS Rejections Without Unwinding",
    tags::barotrope &tags::pressure &tags::prepared &tags::unit
) {
    mean_field::utils::Args args = test_utils::setup_args();
    mean_field::fem::FEM f       = mean_field::fem::setup_fem(args.mesh_file, args, 0);
    REQUIRE(f.okay());

    const prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::Maps maps(f);
    const mean_field::eos::Polytrope equationOfState(3.0, 0.25);
    mean_field::operators::PreparedPressureForceOperator preparedOperator(f, *f.domainMapperStateless, equationOfState);

    mfem::Vector enthalpy(maps.enthalpy.reduced_size());
    mfem::Vector displacement(maps.displacement.reduced_size());
    enthalpy          = -1.0;
    displacement      = 0.0;
    auto dependencies = prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::make_dependencies();

    const auto outsideDomain =
        preparedOperator.TryPrepare({.enthalpy = enthalpy, .displacement = displacement}, dependencies);
    REQUIRE_FALSE(outsideDomain.has_value());
    CHECK(
        outsideDomain.error().reason ==
        mean_field::operators::PressureForcePreparationRejectionReason::equation_of_state
    );
    CHECK(outsideDomain.error().equationOfStateCode == mean_field::eos::EvaluationErrorCode::outside_domain);
    CHECK_FALSE(preparedOperator.IsPrepared());
    try {
        (void)preparedOperator.Prepare({.enthalpy = enthalpy, .displacement = displacement}, dependencies);
        FAIL("The compatibility Prepare overload accepted an out-of-domain EOS input.");
    } catch (const mean_field::eos::EvaluationError &error) {
        CHECK(error.code() == mean_field::eos::EvaluationErrorCode::outside_domain);
    }

    enthalpy = std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
    ++dependencies.enthalpy.revision;
    const auto rejected =
        preparedOperator.TryPrepare({.enthalpy = enthalpy, .displacement = displacement}, dependencies);
    REQUIRE_FALSE(rejected.has_value());
    CHECK(rejected.error().reason == mean_field::operators::PressureForcePreparationRejectionReason::equation_of_state);
    CHECK(rejected.error().equationOfStateCode == mean_field::eos::EvaluationErrorCode::nonfinite_result);
    CHECK_FALSE(preparedOperator.IsPrepared());
    CHECK_THROWS_AS(
        preparedOperator.Prepare({.enthalpy = enthalpy, .displacement = displacement}, dependencies),
        mean_field::eos::EvaluationError
    );

    enthalpy = 1.0;
    ++dependencies.enthalpy.revision;
    const auto accepted =
        preparedOperator.TryPrepare({.enthalpy = enthalpy, .displacement = displacement}, dependencies);
    REQUIRE(accepted.has_value());
    CHECK(preparedOperator.IsPrepared());
}

TEST_CASE(
    "Prepared Pressure Force Reports Invalid Candidate Geometry Without Unwinding",
    tags::barotrope &tags::pressure &tags::prepared &tags::geometry &tags::unit
) {
    mean_field::utils::Args args = test_utils::setup_args();
    mean_field::fem::FEM f       = mean_field::fem::setup_fem(args.mesh_file, args, 0);
    REQUIRE(f.okay());

    const prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::Maps maps(f);
    const mean_field::eos::Polytrope equationOfState(3.0, 0.25);
    mean_field::operators::PreparedPressureForceOperator preparedOperator(f, *f.domainMapperStateless, equationOfState);

    mfem::Vector enthalpy(maps.enthalpy.reduced_size());
    enthalpy = 1.0;
    mfem::Vector displacement =
        maps.displacement.gather(prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::make_affine_displacement(f, -2.0));
    auto dependencies = prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::make_dependencies();

    const auto rejected =
        preparedOperator.TryPrepare({.enthalpy = enthalpy, .displacement = displacement}, dependencies);
    REQUIRE_FALSE(rejected.has_value());
    CHECK(rejected.error().reason == mean_field::operators::PressureForcePreparationRejectionReason::invalid_mapping);
    CHECK(rejected.error().mappingStatus == mean_field::mapping::MappingStatus::non_positive_determinant);
    CHECK_FALSE(preparedOperator.IsPrepared());
    CHECK_THROWS_AS(
        preparedOperator.Prepare({.enthalpy = enthalpy, .displacement = displacement}, dependencies), std::domain_error
    );

    displacement = 0.0;
    ++dependencies.displacement.revision;
    const auto accepted =
        preparedOperator.TryPrepare({.enthalpy = enthalpy, .displacement = displacement}, dependencies);
    REQUIRE(accepted.has_value());
    CHECK(preparedOperator.IsPrepared());
}

TEST_CASE(
    "Prepared Pressure Force Jacobian Matches Full Stateless Columns "
    "Through FieldDof Restriction",
    tags::barotrope &tags::pressure &tags::prepared &tags::field &tags::integration &tags::accuracy
) {
    mean_field::utils::Args args = test_utils::setup_args();

    mean_field::fem::FEM f       = mean_field::fem::setup_fem(args.mesh_file, args, 0);

    REQUIRE(f.okay());

    const prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::Maps maps(f);

    const mean_field::eos::Polytrope equationOfState(3.0, 0.25);

    const mfem::Vector enthalpy =
        maps.enthalpy.gather(prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::make_positive_enthalpy_true(f, 0.47));

    const mfem::Vector displacement = maps.displacement.gather(gravity_prepared_test_utils::make_displacement(f, 0.69));

    const mfem::Vector enthalpyDirection =
        maps.enthalpy.gather(prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::make_enthalpy_direction_true(f, 0.73));

    const mfem::Vector displacementDirection =
        maps.displacement.gather(prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::make_displacement_direction_true(f, 0.83));

    mean_field::operators::PreparedPressureForceOperator preparedOperator(f, *f.domainMapperStateless, equationOfState);

    preparedOperator.Prepare(
        {.enthalpy = enthalpy, .displacement = displacement}, prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::make_dependencies()
    );

    const mfem::Vector enthalpyTrue              = maps.enthalpy.scatter(enthalpy);

    const mfem::Vector displacementTrue          = maps.displacement.scatter(displacement);

    const mfem::Vector enthalpyDirectionTrue     = maps.enthalpy.scatter(enthalpyDirection);

    const mfem::Vector displacementDirectionTrue = maps.displacement.scatter(displacementDirection);

    mfem::Vector preparedEnthalpyAction;
    mfem::Vector kernelEnthalpyActionTrue;

    preparedOperator.ApplyEnthalpyJacobianAction(enthalpyDirection, preparedEnthalpyAction);

    mean_field::operators::kernels::apply_pressure_force_enthalpy_action(
        f, *f.domainMapperStateless, equationOfState, enthalpyTrue, enthalpyDirectionTrue, displacementTrue,
        kernelEnthalpyActionTrue
    );

    const mfem::Vector kernelEnthalpyAction = maps.displacement.gather(kernelEnthalpyActionTrue);

    CHECK(
        prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::relative_difference(
            preparedEnthalpyAction, kernelEnthalpyAction, f.mesh->GetComm()
        ) < 2.0e-12
    );

    mfem::Vector preparedDisplacementAction;
    mfem::Vector kernelDisplacementActionTrue;

    preparedOperator.ApplyDisplacementJacobianAction(displacementDirection, preparedDisplacementAction);

    mean_field::operators::kernels::apply_pressure_force_displacement_action(
        f, *f.domainMapperStateless, equationOfState, enthalpyTrue, displacementDirectionTrue, displacementTrue,
        kernelDisplacementActionTrue
    );

    const mfem::Vector kernelDisplacementAction = maps.displacement.gather(kernelDisplacementActionTrue);

    CHECK(
        prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::relative_difference(
            preparedDisplacementAction, kernelDisplacementAction, f.mesh->GetComm()
        ) < 2.0e-12
    );

    mfem::Vector fusedAction;

    preparedOperator.ApplyCompleteJacobianAction(enthalpyDirection, displacementDirection, fusedAction);

    mfem::Vector expectedFusedAction(kernelEnthalpyAction);

    expectedFusedAction += kernelDisplacementAction;

    CHECK(
        prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::relative_difference(fusedAction, expectedFusedAction, f.mesh->GetComm()) <
        2.0e-12
    );
}

TEST_CASE(
    "Prepared Pressure Force MFEM Adapter Routes Reduced Coupled FieldDof "
    "Blocks",
    tags::barotrope &tags::pressure &tags::prepared &tags::field &tags::integration &tags::jacobian
        &tags::mfem_operators &tags::unit
) {
    mean_field::utils::Args args = test_utils::setup_args();

    mean_field::fem::FEM f       = mean_field::fem::setup_fem(args.mesh_file, args, 0);

    REQUIRE(f.okay());

    const prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::Maps maps(f);

    const mean_field::eos::Polytrope equationOfState(3.0, 0.25);

    const mfem::Vector enthalpy =
        maps.enthalpy.gather(prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::make_positive_enthalpy_true(f, 0.53));

    const mfem::Vector displacement = maps.displacement.gather(gravity_prepared_test_utils::make_displacement(f, 0.71));

    const mfem::Vector enthalpyDirection =
        maps.enthalpy.gather(prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::make_enthalpy_direction_true(f, 0.89));

    const mfem::Vector displacementDirection =
        maps.displacement.gather(prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::make_displacement_direction_true(f, 0.97));

    mean_field::operators::PreparedPressureForceOperator preparedOperator(f, *f.domainMapperStateless, equationOfState);

    preparedOperator.Prepare(
        {.enthalpy = enthalpy, .displacement = displacement}, prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::make_dependencies()
    );

    const mean_field::operators::BarotropicEquilibriumLayout layout =
        prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::make_coupled_layout(maps);

    mean_field::operators::PreparedPressureForceJacobianOperator adapter(layout, preparedOperator);

    CHECK(layout.size(prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::enthalpyValue) == maps.enthalpy.reduced_size());

    CHECK(layout.size(prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::densityValue) == maps.density.reduced_size());

    mfem::BlockVector direction(layout.value_offsets());

    direction                                                                       = 0.0;

    /*
     * Populate unrelated columns deliberately.
     */
    direction.GetBlock(prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::densityValue)            = 0.37;

    direction.GetBlock(prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::gravityGradientValue)    = -0.41;

    direction.GetBlock(prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::gravityPotentialValue)   = 0.59;

    direction.GetBlock(prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::barotropicConstantValue) = -0.73;

    direction.GetBlock(prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::displacementValue)       = displacementDirection;

    direction.GetBlock(prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::enthalpyValue)           = enthalpyDirection;

    mfem::Vector expectedDisplacementAction;

    preparedOperator.ApplyCompleteJacobianAction(enthalpyDirection, displacementDirection, expectedDisplacementAction);

    mfem::Vector action;

    adapter.Mult(direction, action);

    const mfem::Vector displacementResidualAction = prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::copy_residual_block(
        action, layout, prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::displacementResidual
    );

    CHECK(
        prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::relative_difference(
            displacementResidualAction, expectedDisplacementAction, f.mesh->GetComm()
        ) < 2.0e-14
    );

    CHECK(
        prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::copy_residual_block(
            action, layout, prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::gravityGradientResidual
        )
            .Norml2() == 0.0
    );

    CHECK(
        prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::copy_residual_block(
            action, layout, prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::gravityPotentialResidual
        )
            .Norml2() == 0.0
    );

    CHECK(
        prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::copy_residual_block(
            action, layout, prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::densityResidual
        )
            .Norml2() == 0.0
    );

    CHECK(
        prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::copy_residual_block(
            action, layout, prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::enthalpyResidual
        )
            .Norml2() == 0.0
    );

    CHECK(
        prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::copy_residual_block(
            action, layout, prepared_pressure_force_test_utils::massResidual
        )
            .Norml2() == 0.0
    );
}
TEST_CASE(
    "Pressure Force Residual Converges To A Manufactured Analytic Force",
    tags::barotrope &tags::pressure &tags::kernels &tags::integration &tags::convergence &tags::h_refinement
        &tags::analytic_comparison &tags::accuracy
) {
    constexpr int dimension = 3;

    constexpr std::array<int, 2> refinementLevels{0, 1};

    constexpr double minimumObservedRate     = 3.0;
    constexpr double finestRelativeTolerance = 2.0e-3;

    constexpr double amplitude               = 1.0;
    constexpr double bumpSharpness           = 0.25;
    constexpr double supportRadiusFraction   = 0.90;

    std::array<double, refinementLevels.size()> relativeErrors{};

    for (std::size_t levelIndex = 0; levelIndex < refinementLevels.size(); ++levelIndex) {
        mean_field::utils::Args args = test_utils::setup_args();

        mean_field::fem::FEM f       = mean_field::fem::setup_fem(args.mesh_file, args, refinementLevels[levelIndex]);

        REQUIRE(f.okay());
        REQUIRE(f.mesh->Dimension() == dimension);
        REQUIRE(f.mesh->GetNE() > 0);

        const MPI_Comm communicator           = f.mesh->GetComm();

        constexpr double supportRadius        = supportRadiusFraction * mean_field::utils::RADIUS;

        constexpr double supportRadiusSquared = supportRadius * supportRadius;

        auto analyticEnthalpyFunction         = [supportRadiusSquared](const mfem::Vector &position) {
            const double normalizedRadiusSquared = (position * position) / supportRadiusSquared;

            if (normalizedRadiusSquared >= 1.0) {
                return 0.0;
            }

            const double distanceToSupportBoundary = 1.0 - normalizedRadiusSquared;

            return amplitude * std::exp(-bumpSharpness * normalizedRadiusSquared / distanceToSupportBoundary);
        };

        auto analyticPressureForceFunction = [supportRadiusSquared](const mfem::Vector &position, mfem::Vector &force) {
            force.SetSize(dimension);
            force                                = 0.0;

            const double normalizedRadiusSquared = (position * position) / supportRadiusSquared;

            if (normalizedRadiusSquared >= 1.0) {
                return;
            }

            const double distanceToSupportBoundary = 1.0 - normalizedRadiusSquared;

            const double enthalpy =
                amplitude * std::exp(-bumpSharpness * normalizedRadiusSquared / distanceToSupportBoundary);

            const double pressureGradientScale =
                -2.0 * bumpSharpness * std::pow(enthalpy, 4.0) /
                (supportRadiusSquared * distanceToSupportBoundary * distanceToSupportBoundary);

            for (int component = 0; component < dimension; ++component) {
                force(component) = pressureGradientScale * position(component);
            }
        };

        mfem::FunctionCoefficient analyticEnthalpyCoefficient(analyticEnthalpyFunction);

        mfem::VectorFunctionCoefficient analyticPressureForceCoefficient(dimension, analyticPressureForceFunction);

        mfem::ParGridFunction discreteEnthalpyField(f.enthalpyFes.get());

        discreteEnthalpyField.ProjectCoefficient(analyticEnthalpyCoefficient);

        mfem::Vector discreteEnthalpyTrue;
        discreteEnthalpyField.GetTrueDofs(discreteEnthalpyTrue);

        mfem::Vector zeroDisplacement(f.displacementFes->GetTrueVSize());

        zeroDisplacement = 0.0;

        const mean_field::eos::Polytrope barotrope(3.0, 0.25);

        mfem::Vector discreteResidual;

        mean_field::operators::kernels::apply_pressure_force_residual(
            f, *f.domainMapperStateless, barotrope, discreteEnthalpyTrue, zeroDisplacement, discreteResidual
        );

        REQUIRE(discreteResidual.Size() == f.displacementFes->GetTrueVSize());

        mfem::Array<int> stellarMarker(f.mesh->attributes.Max());

        stellarMarker             = 0;

        const int vacuumAttribute = field_dof_test_utils::vacuum_material_attribute;

        for (int attributeIndex = 0; attributeIndex < f.mesh->attributes.Size(); ++attributeIndex) {
            const int attribute = f.mesh->attributes[attributeIndex];

            if (attribute != vacuumAttribute) {
                stellarMarker[attribute - 1] = 1;
            }
        }

        const mfem::Geometry::Type elementGeometry = f.displacementFes->GetFE(0)->GetGeomType();

        for (int element = 1; element < f.mesh->GetNE(); ++element) {
            REQUIRE(f.displacementFes->GetFE(element)->GetGeomType() == elementGeometry);
        }

        const int referenceQuadratureOrder = 2 * f.displacementFes->GetMaxElementOrder() + 16;

        const mfem::IntegrationRule &referenceQuadrature =
            mfem::IntRules.Get(elementGeometry, referenceQuadratureOrder);

        auto *analyticForceIntegrator = new mfem::VectorDomainLFIntegrator(analyticPressureForceCoefficient);

        analyticForceIntegrator->SetIntRule(&referenceQuadrature);

        mfem::ParLinearForm analyticForceLoad(f.displacementFes.get());

        analyticForceLoad.AddDomainIntegrator(analyticForceIntegrator, stellarMarker);

        analyticForceLoad.Assemble();

        std::unique_ptr<mfem::HypreParVector> analyticForceHypreVector(analyticForceLoad.ParallelAssemble());

        REQUIRE(analyticForceHypreVector != nullptr);

        mfem::Vector analyticForceTrue(*analyticForceHypreVector);

        REQUIRE(analyticForceTrue.Size() == discreteResidual.Size());

        const double analyticForceNorm = gravity_prepared_test_utils::global_norm(analyticForceTrue, communicator);

        REQUIRE(std::isfinite(analyticForceNorm));
        REQUIRE(analyticForceNorm > 0.0);

        mfem::Vector residualError(discreteResidual);
        residualError -= analyticForceTrue;

        mfem::ParBilinearForm rieszForm(f.displacementFes.get());

        rieszForm.AddDomainIntegrator(new mfem::VectorMassIntegrator());

        rieszForm.AddDomainIntegrator(new mfem::VectorDiffusionIntegrator());

        rieszForm.Assemble();
        rieszForm.Finalize();

        std::unique_ptr<mfem::HypreParMatrix> rieszMatrix(rieszForm.ParallelAssemble());

        REQUIRE(rieszMatrix != nullptr);
        REQUIRE(rieszMatrix->Height() == discreteResidual.Size());
        REQUIRE(rieszMatrix->Width() == discreteResidual.Size());

        mfem::HypreBoomerAMG rieszPreconditioner(*rieszMatrix);

        rieszPreconditioner.SetPrintLevel(0);

        mfem::CGSolver rieszSolver(communicator);

        rieszSolver.SetOperator(*rieszMatrix);
        rieszSolver.SetPreconditioner(rieszPreconditioner);
        rieszSolver.SetRelTol(1.0e-13);
        rieszSolver.SetAbsTol(1.0e-15);
        rieszSolver.SetMaxIter(5000);
        rieszSolver.SetPrintLevel(0);

        auto calculateDualNorm = [&rieszSolver, communicator](const mfem::Vector &functional) {
            mfem::Vector rieszRepresentative(functional.Size());

            rieszRepresentative = 0.0;

            rieszSolver.Mult(functional, rieszRepresentative);

            MFEM_VERIFY(
                rieszSolver.GetConverged(), "The pressure-force convergence-test Riesz solve "
                                            "did not converge."
            );

            const double dualNormSquared =
                gravity_prepared_test_utils::global_dot(functional, rieszRepresentative, communicator);

            MFEM_VERIFY(std::isfinite(dualNormSquared), "The pressure-force dual norm is not finite.");

            MFEM_VERIFY(
                dualNormSquared >= -100.0 * std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon(),
                "The pressure-force Riesz operator produced a "
                "negative dual norm."
            );

            return std::sqrt(std::max(dualNormSquared, 0.0));
        };

        const double errorDualNorm    = calculateDualNorm(residualError);

        const double analyticDualNorm = calculateDualNorm(analyticForceTrue);

        REQUIRE(std::isfinite(errorDualNorm));
        REQUIRE(std::isfinite(analyticDualNorm));
        REQUIRE(errorDualNorm > 0.0);
        REQUIRE(analyticDualNorm > 0.0);

        relativeErrors[levelIndex] = errorDualNorm / analyticDualNorm;

        INFO("Pressure-force refinement level = " << refinementLevels[levelIndex]);

        INFO("Pressure-force true DOFs = " << f.displacementFes->GlobalTrueVSize());

        INFO("Pressure-force relative dual error = " << relativeErrors[levelIndex]);
    }

    for (const double relativeError : relativeErrors) {
        REQUIRE(std::isfinite(relativeError));
        REQUIRE(relativeError > 0.0);
    }

    static_assert(refinementLevels.size() == 2, "This reduced convergence test expects exactly two refinement levels.");

    const double observedRate = std::log(relativeErrors[0] / relativeErrors[1]) / std::log(2.0);

    INFO("Level 0 pressure-force relative dual error = " << relativeErrors[0]);

    INFO("Level 1 pressure-force relative dual error = " << relativeErrors[1]);

    INFO("Level 0 to 1 pressure-force convergence rate = " << observedRate);

    CHECK(relativeErrors[1] < relativeErrors[0]);

    CHECK(observedRate > minimumObservedRate);

    CHECK(relativeErrors[1] < finestRelativeTolerance);
}