module;

#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
#include <compare>
#include <concepts>
#include <cstdint>
#include <limits>
#include <memory>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <type_traits>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>

#include <mfem.hpp>
#include <mpi.h>

export module mean_field:deformation.domain_deformation;

export import :deformation.interior_extension;
export import :deformation.nodal_radial_surface;
export import :deformation.radial_extensions;
export import :deformation.surface_prescription;
export import :deformation.vacuum_extension;
export import :fem;
export import :field.mfem;
export import :utils.domain;

export namespace mean_field::deformation {
    enum class VolumeDeformationOwner : std::uint8_t { StellarInterior, Vacuum };

    struct DomainDeformationDiscretizationDependencies final {
        const mfem::Mesh *physicalMeshIdentity{nullptr};
        const mfem::ParMesh *logicalReferenceMeshIdentity{nullptr};
        const mfem::ParFiniteElementSpace *surfaceScalarSpaceIdentity{nullptr};
        const mfem::ParFiniteElementSpace *volumeDisplacementSpaceIdentity{nullptr};
        long physicalMeshSequence{-1};
        long logicalReferenceMeshSequence{-1};
        long surfaceScalarSpaceSequence{-1};
        long volumeDisplacementSpaceSequence{-1};

        [[nodiscard]] bool isCurrent() const noexcept {
            return physicalMeshIdentity != nullptr && logicalReferenceMeshIdentity != nullptr &&
                   surfaceScalarSpaceIdentity != nullptr && volumeDisplacementSpaceIdentity != nullptr &&
                   physicalMeshIdentity->GetSequence() == physicalMeshSequence &&
                   logicalReferenceMeshIdentity->GetSequence() == logicalReferenceMeshSequence &&
                   surfaceScalarSpaceIdentity->GetSequence() == surfaceScalarSpaceSequence &&
                   volumeDisplacementSpaceIdentity->GetSequence() == volumeDisplacementSpaceSequence;
        }
    };

    struct DomainDeformationCompositionReport final {
        int scalarTrueDofCount{0};
        int stellarInteriorOwnedScalarDofCount{0};
        int vacuumOwnedScalarDofCount{0};
        int sharedSurfaceScalarDofCount{0};

        [[nodiscard]] constexpr int assignedScalarDofCount() const noexcept {
            return stellarInteriorOwnedScalarDofCount + vacuumOwnedScalarDofCount;
        }

        constexpr auto operator<=>(const DomainDeformationCompositionReport &) const = default;
    };

    struct DomainDeformationGeometryReport final {
        double minimumJacobianDeterminant{std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity()};

        [[nodiscard]] bool isOrientationPreserving(const double determinantFloor = 0.0) const noexcept {
            return std::isfinite(minimumJacobianDeterminant) && std::isfinite(determinantFloor) &&
                   determinantFloor >= 0.0 && minimumJacobianDeterminant > determinantFloor;
        }
    };

    struct PreparedDomainDeformationActionStatistics final {
        std::uint64_t volumeBuildApplications{0};
        std::uint64_t jacobianApplications{0};
        std::uint64_t jacobianTransposeApplications{0};
        std::uint64_t pullbackDerivativeApplications{0};
        std::uint64_t geometryInspections{0};

        constexpr auto operator<=>(const PreparedDomainDeformationActionStatistics &) const = default;
    };

    template <typename Candidate>
    concept PreparedDomainDeformationOperator = requires(
        const std::remove_cvref_t<Candidate> &preparedDeformation,
        const mfem::Vector &parameters,
        const mfem::Vector &parameterDirection,
        const mfem::Vector &volumeDisplacementDual,
        mfem::Vector &volumeDisplacement,
        mfem::Vector &parameterDual
    ) {
        { preparedDeformation.descriptor() } noexcept -> std::same_as<DomainDeformationDescriptor>;
        { preparedDeformation.parameterCount() } noexcept -> std::same_as<int>;
        { preparedDeformation.surfaceDisplacementSize() } noexcept -> std::same_as<int>;
        { preparedDeformation.volumeDisplacementSize() } noexcept -> std::same_as<int>;
        { preparedDeformation.buildVolumeDisplacement(parameters, volumeDisplacement) } -> std::same_as<void>;
        { preparedDeformation.applyJacobian(parameters, parameterDirection, volumeDisplacement) } -> std::same_as<void>;
        {
            preparedDeformation.applyJacobianTranspose(parameters, volumeDisplacementDual, parameterDual)
        } -> std::same_as<void>;
        {
            preparedDeformation.applyPullbackDerivative(
                parameters, parameterDirection, volumeDisplacementDual, parameterDual
            )
        } -> std::same_as<void>;
    };

    template <
        PreparedSurfaceDeformationPrescription PreparedSurface,
        PreparedInteriorDeformationExtension PreparedInterior,
        PreparedVacuumDeformationExtension PreparedVacuum>
    class PreparedDomainDeformation final {
    public:
        PreparedDomainDeformation(
            PreparedSurface preparedSurface,
            PreparedInterior preparedInterior,
            PreparedVacuum preparedVacuum,
            mfem::ParFiniteElementSpace &surfaceScalarSpace,
            mfem::ParFiniteElementSpace &volumeDisplacementSpace,
            mfem::ParMesh &logicalReferenceMesh
        )
            : m_surface(std::move(preparedSurface)),
              m_interior(std::move(preparedInterior)),
              m_vacuum(std::move(preparedVacuum)),
              m_volumeDisplacementSpace(&volumeDisplacementSpace),
              m_descriptor(makeDescriptor(
                  m_surface,
                  m_interior,
                  m_vacuum
              )),
              m_surfaceDisplacementWorkspace(surfaceDisplacementSize()),
              m_surfaceDirectionWorkspace(surfaceDisplacementSize()),
              m_interiorVolumeWorkspace(volumeDisplacementSize()),
              m_vacuumVolumeWorkspace(volumeDisplacementSize()),
              m_interiorVolumeDualWorkspace(volumeDisplacementSize()),
              m_vacuumVolumeDualWorkspace(volumeDisplacementSize()),
              m_interiorSurfaceDualWorkspace(surfaceDisplacementSize()),
              m_vacuumSurfaceDualWorkspace(surfaceDisplacementSize()),
              m_surfaceDualWorkspace(surfaceDisplacementSize()),
              m_interiorSurfacePullbackWorkspace(surfaceDisplacementSize()),
              m_vacuumSurfacePullbackWorkspace(surfaceDisplacementSize()),
              m_surfacePullbackWorkspace(surfaceDisplacementSize()),
              m_parameterPullbackWorkspace(parameterCount()),
              m_volumeGridFunctionWorkspace(std::make_unique<mfem::ParGridFunction>(&volumeDisplacementSpace)) {
            validateCompatibility(surfaceScalarSpace, volumeDisplacementSpace, logicalReferenceMesh);
            compileOwnership();

            const mfem::Mesh *physicalMesh = volumeDisplacementSpace.GetMesh();
            m_discretizationDependencies   = {
                .physicalMeshIdentity            = physicalMesh,
                .logicalReferenceMeshIdentity    = &logicalReferenceMesh,
                .surfaceScalarSpaceIdentity      = &surfaceScalarSpace,
                .volumeDisplacementSpaceIdentity = &volumeDisplacementSpace,
                .physicalMeshSequence            = physicalMesh->GetSequence(),
                .logicalReferenceMeshSequence    = logicalReferenceMesh.GetSequence(),
                .surfaceScalarSpaceSequence      = surfaceScalarSpace.GetSequence(),
                .volumeDisplacementSpaceSequence = volumeDisplacementSpace.GetSequence()
            };
        }

        PreparedDomainDeformation(const PreparedDomainDeformation &)                = delete;
        PreparedDomainDeformation &operator=(const PreparedDomainDeformation &)     = delete;
        PreparedDomainDeformation(PreparedDomainDeformation &&) noexcept            = default;
        PreparedDomainDeformation &operator=(PreparedDomainDeformation &&) noexcept = default;

        [[nodiscard]] DomainDeformationDescriptor descriptor() const noexcept {
            return m_descriptor;
        }

        [[nodiscard]] int parameterCount() const noexcept {
            return m_surface.parameterCount();
        }

        [[nodiscard]] int surfaceDisplacementSize() const noexcept {
            return m_surface.surfaceDisplacementSize();
        }

        [[nodiscard]] int volumeDisplacementSize() const noexcept {
            return m_interior.interiorDisplacementSize();
        }

        [[nodiscard]] int scalarTrueDofCount() const noexcept {
            return m_interior.scalarTrueDofCount();
        }

        [[nodiscard]] int spatialDimension() const noexcept {
            return m_descriptor.surfaceDeformation.spatialDimension;
        }

        [[nodiscard]] VolumeDeformationOwner volumeOwner(const int scalarTrueDof) const {
            requireScalarTrueDof(scalarTrueDof);
            return m_volumeOwners[static_cast<std::size_t>(scalarTrueDof)];
        }

        [[nodiscard]] bool isSharedSurfaceDof(const int scalarTrueDof) const {
            requireScalarTrueDof(scalarTrueDof);
            return m_interior.hasStellarSupport(scalarTrueDof) && m_vacuum.hasVacuumSupport(scalarTrueDof);
        }

        [[nodiscard]] const DomainDeformationCompositionReport &compositionReport() const noexcept {
            return m_compositionReport;
        }

        [[nodiscard]] const DomainDeformationDiscretizationDependencies &discretizationDependencies() const noexcept {
            return m_discretizationDependencies;
        }

        [[nodiscard]] bool matchesCurrentDiscretization() const noexcept {
            return m_discretizationDependencies.isCurrent();
        }

        [[nodiscard]] const PreparedDomainDeformationActionStatistics &actionStatistics() const noexcept {
            return m_actionStatistics;
        }

        [[nodiscard]] const PreparedSurface &surfaceDeformationPrescription() const noexcept {
            return m_surface;
        }

        [[nodiscard]] const PreparedInterior &stellarInteriorExtension() const noexcept {
            return m_interior;
        }

        [[nodiscard]] const PreparedVacuum &vacuumExtension() const noexcept {
            return m_vacuum;
        }

        void buildVolumeDisplacement(
            const mfem::Vector &parameters,
            mfem::Vector &volumeDisplacement
        ) const {
            requireCurrentDiscretization();
            requireParameterSize(parameters);
            requireVolumeSize(volumeDisplacement);

            m_surface.buildSurfaceDisplacement(parameters, m_surfaceDisplacementWorkspace);
            m_interior.buildInteriorDisplacement(m_surfaceDisplacementWorkspace, m_interiorVolumeWorkspace);
            m_vacuum.buildVacuumDisplacement(m_surfaceDisplacementWorkspace, m_vacuumVolumeWorkspace);
            mergeVolumeFields(m_interiorVolumeWorkspace, m_vacuumVolumeWorkspace, volumeDisplacement);
            ++m_actionStatistics.volumeBuildApplications;
        }

        void applyJacobian(
            const mfem::Vector &parameters,
            const mfem::Vector &parameterDirection,
            mfem::Vector &volumeDisplacementDirection
        ) const {
            requireCurrentDiscretization();
            requireParameterSize(parameters);
            requireParameterSize(parameterDirection);
            requireVolumeSize(volumeDisplacementDirection);

            m_surface.buildSurfaceDisplacement(parameters, m_surfaceDisplacementWorkspace);
            m_surface.applyJacobian(parameters, parameterDirection, m_surfaceDirectionWorkspace);
            m_interior.applyJacobian(
                m_surfaceDisplacementWorkspace, m_surfaceDirectionWorkspace, m_interiorVolumeWorkspace
            );
            m_vacuum.applyJacobian(
                m_surfaceDisplacementWorkspace, m_surfaceDirectionWorkspace, m_vacuumVolumeWorkspace
            );
            mergeVolumeFields(m_interiorVolumeWorkspace, m_vacuumVolumeWorkspace, volumeDisplacementDirection);
            ++m_actionStatistics.jacobianApplications;
        }

        void applyJacobianTranspose(
            const mfem::Vector &parameters,
            const mfem::Vector &volumeDisplacementDual,
            mfem::Vector &parameterDual
        ) const {
            requireCurrentDiscretization();
            requireParameterSize(parameters);
            requireVolumeSize(volumeDisplacementDual);
            requireParameterSize(parameterDual);

            m_surface.buildSurfaceDisplacement(parameters, m_surfaceDisplacementWorkspace);
            splitVolumeDual(volumeDisplacementDual);
            applyExtensionTransposes();
            m_surface.applyJacobianTranspose(parameters, m_surfaceDualWorkspace, parameterDual);
            ++m_actionStatistics.jacobianTransposeApplications;
        }

        void applyPullbackDerivative(
            const mfem::Vector &parameters,
            const mfem::Vector &parameterDirection,
            const mfem::Vector &volumeDisplacementDual,
            mfem::Vector &parameterDualAction
        ) const {
            requireCurrentDiscretization();
            requireParameterSize(parameters);
            requireParameterSize(parameterDirection);
            requireVolumeSize(volumeDisplacementDual);
            requireParameterSize(parameterDualAction);

            m_surface.buildSurfaceDisplacement(parameters, m_surfaceDisplacementWorkspace);
            m_surface.applyJacobian(parameters, parameterDirection, m_surfaceDirectionWorkspace);
            splitVolumeDual(volumeDisplacementDual);
            applyExtensionTransposes();

            m_interior.applyPullbackDerivative(
                m_surfaceDisplacementWorkspace, m_surfaceDirectionWorkspace, m_interiorVolumeDualWorkspace,
                m_interiorSurfacePullbackWorkspace
            );
            m_vacuum.applyPullbackDerivative(
                m_surfaceDisplacementWorkspace, m_surfaceDirectionWorkspace, m_vacuumVolumeDualWorkspace,
                m_vacuumSurfacePullbackWorkspace
            );
            addSurfaceFields(
                m_interiorSurfacePullbackWorkspace, m_vacuumSurfacePullbackWorkspace, m_surfacePullbackWorkspace
            );

            m_surface.applyJacobianTranspose(parameters, m_surfacePullbackWorkspace, parameterDualAction);
            m_surface.applyPullbackDerivative(
                parameters, parameterDirection, m_surfaceDualWorkspace, m_parameterPullbackWorkspace
            );
            parameterDualAction += m_parameterPullbackWorkspace;
            ++m_actionStatistics.pullbackDerivativeApplications;
        }

        [[nodiscard]] DomainDeformationGeometryReport
        inspectMappedGeometry(const mfem::Vector &volumeDisplacement) const {
            requireCurrentDiscretization();
            requireVolumeSize(volumeDisplacement);

            m_volumeGridFunctionWorkspace->SetFromTrueDofs(volumeDisplacement);
            mfem::Mesh *mesh               = m_volumeDisplacementSpace->GetMesh();
            double localMinimumDeterminant = std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity();
            int localGeometryIsFinite      = 1;

            for (int element = 0; element < mesh->GetNE(); ++element) {
                mfem::ElementTransformation *transformation = mesh->GetElementTransformation(element);
                const mfem::FiniteElement *finiteElement    = m_volumeDisplacementSpace->GetFE(element);
                // Positivity is a pointwise geometry requirement, not an
                // integration-accuracy requirement.  A rule only slightly
                // above the displacement order can miss a narrow negative
                // region of the determinant even when a downstream physics
                // rule samples it.  The determinant of a d-dimensional
                // degree-p deformation gradient can vary at substantially
                // higher order, so inspect at a conservative d*p scale.
                const int geometryInspectionOrder =
                    std::max(finiteElement->GetOrder() + 2, 2 * spatialDimension() * finiteElement->GetOrder());
                const mfem::IntegrationRule &rule =
                    mfem::IntRules.Get(transformation->GetGeometryType(), geometryInspectionOrder);

                for (int point = 0; point < rule.GetNPoints(); ++point) {
                    transformation->SetIntPoint(&rule.IntPoint(point));
                    mfem::DenseMatrix deformationGradient;
                    m_volumeGridFunctionWorkspace->GetVectorGradient(*transformation, deformationGradient);
                    for (int component = 0; component < spatialDimension(); ++component) {
                        deformationGradient(component, component) += 1.0;
                    }
                    const double determinant = deformationGradient.Det();
                    if (!std::isfinite(determinant)) {
                        localGeometryIsFinite = 0;
                    } else {
                        localMinimumDeterminant = std::min(localMinimumDeterminant, determinant);
                    }
                }
            }

            double globalMinimumDeterminant = 0.0;
            int globalGeometryIsFinite      = 0;
            MPI_Allreduce(
                &localMinimumDeterminant, &globalMinimumDeterminant, 1, MPI_DOUBLE, MPI_MIN,
                m_volumeDisplacementSpace->GetComm()
            );
            MPI_Allreduce(
                &localGeometryIsFinite, &globalGeometryIsFinite, 1, MPI_INT, MPI_MIN,
                m_volumeDisplacementSpace->GetComm()
            );
            if (globalGeometryIsFinite == 0) {
                globalMinimumDeterminant = std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
            }
            ++m_actionStatistics.geometryInspections;
            return {.minimumJacobianDeterminant = globalMinimumDeterminant};
        }

        [[nodiscard]] DomainDeformationGeometryReport buildValidatedVolumeDisplacement(
            const mfem::Vector &parameters,
            mfem::Vector &volumeDisplacement,
            const double determinantFloor = 0.0
        ) const {
            if (!std::isfinite(determinantFloor) || determinantFloor < 0.0) {
                throw std::invalid_argument("The mapped-geometry determinant floor must be finite and non-negative.");
            }
            buildVolumeDisplacement(parameters, volumeDisplacement);
            const DomainDeformationGeometryReport report = inspectMappedGeometry(volumeDisplacement);
            if (!report.isOrientationPreserving(determinantFloor)) {
                throw std::domain_error("The prepared domain deformation inverts at least one volume element.");
            }
            return report;
        }

    private:
        [[nodiscard]] static DomainDeformationDescriptor makeDescriptor(
            const PreparedSurface &surface,
            const PreparedInterior &interior,
            const PreparedVacuum &vacuum
        ) noexcept {
            const SurfaceDeformationDescriptor surfaceDescriptor            = surface.descriptor();
            const InteriorDeformationExtensionDescriptor interiorDescriptor = interior.descriptor();
            const VacuumDeformationExtensionDescriptor vacuumDescriptor     = vacuum.descriptor();
            return {
                .surfaceDeformation        = surfaceDescriptor,
                .stellarInteriorExtension  = interiorDescriptor,
                .vacuumExtension           = vacuumDescriptor,
                .linearOnReferenceGeometry = surfaceDescriptor.linearOnReferenceGeometry &&
                                             interiorDescriptor.linearOnReferenceGeometry &&
                                             vacuumDescriptor.linearOnReferenceGeometry,
                .requiresAuxiliarySolve =
                    interiorDescriptor.requiresAuxiliarySolve || vacuumDescriptor.requiresAuxiliarySolve,
                .hasExactDerivativeTranspose = surfaceDescriptor.hasExactDerivativeTranspose &&
                                               interiorDescriptor.hasExactDerivativeTranspose &&
                                               vacuumDescriptor.hasExactDerivativeTranspose,
                .hasExactPullbackDerivative  = surfaceDescriptor.hasExactPullbackDerivative &&
                                               interiorDescriptor.hasExactPullbackDerivative &&
                                               vacuumDescriptor.hasExactPullbackDerivative
            };
        }

        void validateCompatibility(
            mfem::ParFiniteElementSpace &surfaceScalarSpace,
            mfem::ParFiniteElementSpace &volumeDisplacementSpace,
            mfem::ParMesh &logicalReferenceMesh
        ) const {
            const mfem::Mesh *physicalMesh = volumeDisplacementSpace.GetMesh();
            if (!m_descriptor.isValid()) {
                throw std::invalid_argument("Prepared domain deformation descriptors are incompatible.");
            }
            if (!m_descriptor.supportsExactNewtonLinearization()) {
                throw std::invalid_argument("Prepared domain deformation requires exact transpose and pullback paths.");
            }
            if (physicalMesh == nullptr || surfaceScalarSpace.GetMesh() != physicalMesh) {
                throw std::invalid_argument("Prepared domain deformation spaces must share one physical mesh.");
            }
            if (logicalReferenceMesh.GetNE() != physicalMesh->GetNE() ||
                logicalReferenceMesh.GetNBE() != physicalMesh->GetNBE()) {
                throw std::invalid_argument("Prepared domain deformation requires the paired logical reference mesh.");
            }
            if (m_surface.surfaceDisplacementSize() != m_interior.surfaceDisplacementSize() ||
                m_surface.surfaceDisplacementSize() != m_vacuum.surfaceDisplacementSize()) {
                throw std::invalid_argument("Prepared deformation factors have incompatible surface trace sizes.");
            }
            if (m_interior.interiorDisplacementSize() != m_vacuum.vacuumDisplacementSize() ||
                m_interior.interiorDisplacementSize() != volumeDisplacementSpace.GetTrueVSize()) {
                throw std::invalid_argument("Prepared deformation factors have incompatible volume vector sizes.");
            }
            if (m_interior.scalarTrueDofCount() != m_vacuum.scalarTrueDofCount() ||
                volumeDisplacementSpace.GetTrueVSize() != spatialDimension() * m_interior.scalarTrueDofCount()) {
                throw std::invalid_argument("Prepared deformation factors have incompatible scalar volume topology.");
            }
            if (volumeDisplacementSpace.GetOrdering() != mfem::Ordering::byNODES) {
                throw std::invalid_argument("Prepared domain deformation requires MFEM byNODES volume ordering.");
            }
        }

        void compileOwnership() {
            m_volumeOwners.resize(static_cast<std::size_t>(scalarTrueDofCount()));
            m_compositionReport.scalarTrueDofCount = scalarTrueDofCount();

            for (int scalarTrueDof = 0; scalarTrueDof < scalarTrueDofCount(); ++scalarTrueDof) {
                const bool hasStellarSupport = m_interior.hasStellarSupport(scalarTrueDof);
                const bool hasVacuumSupport  = m_vacuum.hasVacuumSupport(scalarTrueDof);
                if (!hasStellarSupport && !hasVacuumSupport) {
                    throw std::invalid_argument("A volume displacement DOF has no deformation-extension owner.");
                }
                if (hasStellarSupport) {
                    m_volumeOwners[static_cast<std::size_t>(scalarTrueDof)] = VolumeDeformationOwner::StellarInterior;
                    ++m_compositionReport.stellarInteriorOwnedScalarDofCount;
                    if (hasVacuumSupport) {
                        ++m_compositionReport.sharedSurfaceScalarDofCount;
                    }
                } else {
                    m_volumeOwners[static_cast<std::size_t>(scalarTrueDof)] = VolumeDeformationOwner::Vacuum;
                    ++m_compositionReport.vacuumOwnedScalarDofCount;
                }
            }
        }

        [[nodiscard]] int volumeVectorDof(
            const int scalarTrueDof,
            const int component
        ) const noexcept {
            return scalarTrueDof + component * scalarTrueDofCount();
        }

        void mergeVolumeFields(
            const mfem::Vector &interiorVolume,
            const mfem::Vector &vacuumVolume,
            mfem::Vector &volume
        ) const noexcept {
            for (int scalarTrueDof = 0; scalarTrueDof < scalarTrueDofCount(); ++scalarTrueDof) {
                const mfem::Vector &source = volumeOwner(scalarTrueDof) == VolumeDeformationOwner::StellarInterior
                                                 ? interiorVolume
                                                 : vacuumVolume;
                for (int component = 0; component < spatialDimension(); ++component) {
                    const int vectorDof = volumeVectorDof(scalarTrueDof, component);
                    volume(vectorDof)   = source(vectorDof);
                }
            }
        }

        void splitVolumeDual(const mfem::Vector &volumeDual) const noexcept {
            m_interiorVolumeDualWorkspace = 0.0;
            m_vacuumVolumeDualWorkspace   = 0.0;
            for (int scalarTrueDof = 0; scalarTrueDof < scalarTrueDofCount(); ++scalarTrueDof) {
                mfem::Vector &destination = volumeOwner(scalarTrueDof) == VolumeDeformationOwner::StellarInterior
                                                ? m_interiorVolumeDualWorkspace
                                                : m_vacuumVolumeDualWorkspace;
                for (int component = 0; component < spatialDimension(); ++component) {
                    const int vectorDof    = volumeVectorDof(scalarTrueDof, component);
                    destination(vectorDof) = volumeDual(vectorDof);
                }
            }
        }

        void applyExtensionTransposes() const {
            m_interior.applyJacobianTranspose(
                m_surfaceDisplacementWorkspace, m_interiorVolumeDualWorkspace, m_interiorSurfaceDualWorkspace
            );
            m_vacuum.applyJacobianTranspose(
                m_surfaceDisplacementWorkspace, m_vacuumVolumeDualWorkspace, m_vacuumSurfaceDualWorkspace
            );
            addSurfaceFields(m_interiorSurfaceDualWorkspace, m_vacuumSurfaceDualWorkspace, m_surfaceDualWorkspace);
        }

        static void addSurfaceFields(
            const mfem::Vector &interior,
            const mfem::Vector &vacuum,
            mfem::Vector &sum
        ) {
            sum = interior;
            sum += vacuum;
        }

        void requireCurrentDiscretization() const {
            if (!matchesCurrentDiscretization()) {
                throw std::logic_error("Prepared domain deformation discretization dependencies are stale.");
            }
        }

        void requireParameterSize(const mfem::Vector &parameters) const {
            if (parameters.Size() != parameterCount()) {
                throw std::invalid_argument("Prepared domain deformation received an incompatible parameter vector.");
            }
        }

        void requireVolumeSize(const mfem::Vector &volume) const {
            if (volume.Size() != volumeDisplacementSize()) {
                throw std::invalid_argument("Prepared domain deformation received an incompatible volume vector.");
            }
        }

        void requireScalarTrueDof(const int scalarTrueDof) const {
            if (scalarTrueDof < 0 || scalarTrueDof >= scalarTrueDofCount()) {
                throw std::out_of_range("Scalar true DOF is outside the prepared domain deformation.");
            }
        }

        PreparedSurface m_surface;
        PreparedInterior m_interior;
        PreparedVacuum m_vacuum;
        mfem::ParFiniteElementSpace *m_volumeDisplacementSpace;
        DomainDeformationDescriptor m_descriptor;
        DomainDeformationCompositionReport m_compositionReport;
        DomainDeformationDiscretizationDependencies m_discretizationDependencies;
        std::vector<VolumeDeformationOwner> m_volumeOwners;
        mutable PreparedDomainDeformationActionStatistics m_actionStatistics;
        mutable mfem::Vector m_surfaceDisplacementWorkspace;
        mutable mfem::Vector m_surfaceDirectionWorkspace;
        mutable mfem::Vector m_interiorVolumeWorkspace;
        mutable mfem::Vector m_vacuumVolumeWorkspace;
        mutable mfem::Vector m_interiorVolumeDualWorkspace;
        mutable mfem::Vector m_vacuumVolumeDualWorkspace;
        mutable mfem::Vector m_interiorSurfaceDualWorkspace;
        mutable mfem::Vector m_vacuumSurfaceDualWorkspace;
        mutable mfem::Vector m_surfaceDualWorkspace;
        mutable mfem::Vector m_interiorSurfacePullbackWorkspace;
        mutable mfem::Vector m_vacuumSurfacePullbackWorkspace;
        mutable mfem::Vector m_surfacePullbackWorkspace;
        mutable mfem::Vector m_parameterPullbackWorkspace;
        mutable std::unique_ptr<mfem::ParGridFunction> m_volumeGridFunctionWorkspace;
    };

    template <
        PreparedSurfaceDeformationPrescription PreparedSurface,
        PreparedInteriorDeformationExtension PreparedInterior,
        PreparedVacuumDeformationExtension PreparedVacuum>
    [[nodiscard]] auto composePreparedDomainDeformation(
        PreparedSurface preparedSurface,
        PreparedInterior preparedInterior,
        PreparedVacuum preparedVacuum,
        mfem::ParFiniteElementSpace &surfaceScalarSpace,
        mfem::ParFiniteElementSpace &volumeDisplacementSpace,
        mfem::ParMesh &logicalReferenceMesh
    ) {
        return PreparedDomainDeformation<PreparedSurface, PreparedInterior, PreparedVacuum>{
            std::move(preparedSurface), std::move(preparedInterior), std::move(preparedVacuum),
            surfaceScalarSpace,         volumeDisplacementSpace,     logicalReferenceMesh
        };
    }

    class PreparedDomainDeformationRuntime final {
    public:
        template <PreparedDomainDeformationOperator PreparedDeformation>
            requires(!std::same_as<
                     std::remove_cvref_t<PreparedDeformation>,
                     PreparedDomainDeformationRuntime>)
        explicit PreparedDomainDeformationRuntime(PreparedDeformation &&preparedDeformation)
            : m_implementation(
                  std::make_unique<Implementation<std::remove_cvref_t<PreparedDeformation>>>(
                      std::forward<PreparedDeformation>(preparedDeformation)
                  )
              ) {
        }

        PreparedDomainDeformationRuntime(const PreparedDomainDeformationRuntime &)                = delete;
        PreparedDomainDeformationRuntime &operator=(const PreparedDomainDeformationRuntime &)     = delete;
        PreparedDomainDeformationRuntime(PreparedDomainDeformationRuntime &&) noexcept            = default;
        PreparedDomainDeformationRuntime &operator=(PreparedDomainDeformationRuntime &&) noexcept = default;

        [[nodiscard]] DomainDeformationDescriptor descriptor() const noexcept {
            return m_implementation->descriptor();
        }

        [[nodiscard]] int parameterCount() const noexcept {
            return m_implementation->parameterCount();
        }

        [[nodiscard]] int surfaceDisplacementSize() const noexcept {
            return m_implementation->surfaceDisplacementSize();
        }

        [[nodiscard]] int volumeDisplacementSize() const noexcept {
            return m_implementation->volumeDisplacementSize();
        }

        [[nodiscard]] bool matchesCurrentDiscretization() const noexcept {
            return m_implementation->matchesCurrentDiscretization();
        }

        [[nodiscard]] DomainDeformationCompositionReport compositionReport() const noexcept {
            return m_implementation->compositionReport();
        }

        [[nodiscard]] DomainDeformationDiscretizationDependencies discretizationDependencies() const noexcept {
            return m_implementation->discretizationDependencies();
        }

        [[nodiscard]] PreparedDomainDeformationActionStatistics actionStatistics() const noexcept {
            return m_implementation->actionStatistics();
        }

        void buildVolumeDisplacement(
            const mfem::Vector &parameters,
            mfem::Vector &volumeDisplacement
        ) const {
            m_implementation->buildVolumeDisplacement(parameters, volumeDisplacement);
        }

        void applyJacobian(
            const mfem::Vector &parameters,
            const mfem::Vector &parameterDirection,
            mfem::Vector &volumeDisplacementDirection
        ) const {
            m_implementation->applyJacobian(parameters, parameterDirection, volumeDisplacementDirection);
        }

        void applyJacobianTranspose(
            const mfem::Vector &parameters,
            const mfem::Vector &volumeDisplacementDual,
            mfem::Vector &parameterDual
        ) const {
            m_implementation->applyJacobianTranspose(parameters, volumeDisplacementDual, parameterDual);
        }

        void applyPullbackDerivative(
            const mfem::Vector &parameters,
            const mfem::Vector &parameterDirection,
            const mfem::Vector &volumeDisplacementDual,
            mfem::Vector &parameterDualAction
        ) const {
            m_implementation->applyPullbackDerivative(
                parameters, parameterDirection, volumeDisplacementDual, parameterDualAction
            );
        }

        [[nodiscard]] DomainDeformationGeometryReport
        inspectMappedGeometry(const mfem::Vector &volumeDisplacement) const {
            return m_implementation->inspectMappedGeometry(volumeDisplacement);
        }

        [[nodiscard]] DomainDeformationGeometryReport buildValidatedVolumeDisplacement(
            const mfem::Vector &parameters,
            mfem::Vector &volumeDisplacement,
            const double determinantFloor = 0.0
        ) const {
            return m_implementation->buildValidatedVolumeDisplacement(parameters, volumeDisplacement, determinantFloor);
        }

    private:
        class Interface {
        public:
            virtual ~Interface()                                                                        = default;

            [[nodiscard]] virtual DomainDeformationDescriptor descriptor() const noexcept               = 0;
            [[nodiscard]] virtual int parameterCount() const noexcept                                   = 0;
            [[nodiscard]] virtual int surfaceDisplacementSize() const noexcept                          = 0;
            [[nodiscard]] virtual int volumeDisplacementSize() const noexcept                           = 0;
            [[nodiscard]] virtual bool matchesCurrentDiscretization() const noexcept                    = 0;
            [[nodiscard]] virtual DomainDeformationCompositionReport compositionReport() const noexcept = 0;
            [[nodiscard]] virtual DomainDeformationDiscretizationDependencies
            discretizationDependencies() const noexcept                                                       = 0;
            [[nodiscard]] virtual PreparedDomainDeformationActionStatistics actionStatistics() const noexcept = 0;
            virtual void buildVolumeDisplacement(
                const mfem::Vector &,
                mfem::Vector &
            ) const = 0;
            virtual void applyJacobian(
                const mfem::Vector &,
                const mfem::Vector &,
                mfem::Vector &
            ) const = 0;
            virtual void applyJacobianTranspose(
                const mfem::Vector &,
                const mfem::Vector &,
                mfem::Vector &
            ) const = 0;
            virtual void applyPullbackDerivative(
                const mfem::Vector &,
                const mfem::Vector &,
                const mfem::Vector &,
                mfem::Vector &
            ) const                                                                                                 = 0;
            [[nodiscard]] virtual DomainDeformationGeometryReport inspectMappedGeometry(const mfem::Vector &) const = 0;
            [[nodiscard]] virtual DomainDeformationGeometryReport buildValidatedVolumeDisplacement(
                const mfem::Vector &,
                mfem::Vector &,
                double
            ) const = 0;
        };

        template <PreparedDomainDeformationOperator PreparedDeformation> class Implementation final : public Interface {
        public:
            explicit Implementation(PreparedDeformation preparedDeformation)
                : m_preparedDeformation(std::move(preparedDeformation)) {
            }

            [[nodiscard]] DomainDeformationDescriptor descriptor() const noexcept override {
                return m_preparedDeformation.descriptor();
            }
            [[nodiscard]] int parameterCount() const noexcept override {
                return m_preparedDeformation.parameterCount();
            }
            [[nodiscard]] int surfaceDisplacementSize() const noexcept override {
                return m_preparedDeformation.surfaceDisplacementSize();
            }
            [[nodiscard]] int volumeDisplacementSize() const noexcept override {
                return m_preparedDeformation.volumeDisplacementSize();
            }
            [[nodiscard]] bool matchesCurrentDiscretization() const noexcept override {
                return m_preparedDeformation.matchesCurrentDiscretization();
            }
            [[nodiscard]] DomainDeformationCompositionReport compositionReport() const noexcept override {
                return m_preparedDeformation.compositionReport();
            }
            [[nodiscard]] DomainDeformationDiscretizationDependencies
            discretizationDependencies() const noexcept override {
                return m_preparedDeformation.discretizationDependencies();
            }
            [[nodiscard]] PreparedDomainDeformationActionStatistics actionStatistics() const noexcept override {
                return m_preparedDeformation.actionStatistics();
            }
            void buildVolumeDisplacement(
                const mfem::Vector &parameters,
                mfem::Vector &volumeDisplacement
            ) const override {
                m_preparedDeformation.buildVolumeDisplacement(parameters, volumeDisplacement);
            }
            void applyJacobian(
                const mfem::Vector &parameters,
                const mfem::Vector &parameterDirection,
                mfem::Vector &volumeDisplacementDirection
            ) const override {
                m_preparedDeformation.applyJacobian(parameters, parameterDirection, volumeDisplacementDirection);
            }
            void applyJacobianTranspose(
                const mfem::Vector &parameters,
                const mfem::Vector &volumeDisplacementDual,
                mfem::Vector &parameterDual
            ) const override {
                m_preparedDeformation.applyJacobianTranspose(parameters, volumeDisplacementDual, parameterDual);
            }
            void applyPullbackDerivative(
                const mfem::Vector &parameters,
                const mfem::Vector &parameterDirection,
                const mfem::Vector &volumeDisplacementDual,
                mfem::Vector &parameterDualAction
            ) const override {
                m_preparedDeformation.applyPullbackDerivative(
                    parameters, parameterDirection, volumeDisplacementDual, parameterDualAction
                );
            }
            [[nodiscard]] DomainDeformationGeometryReport
            inspectMappedGeometry(const mfem::Vector &volumeDisplacement) const override {
                return m_preparedDeformation.inspectMappedGeometry(volumeDisplacement);
            }
            [[nodiscard]] DomainDeformationGeometryReport buildValidatedVolumeDisplacement(
                const mfem::Vector &parameters,
                mfem::Vector &volumeDisplacement,
                const double determinantFloor
            ) const override {
                return m_preparedDeformation.buildValidatedVolumeDisplacement(
                    parameters, volumeDisplacement, determinantFloor
                );
            }

        private:
            PreparedDeformation m_preparedDeformation;
        };

        std::unique_ptr<Interface> m_implementation;
    };

    template <
        utils::domain::IsSchema SchemaT = utils::domain::CoreEnvelopeVacuumDomainSchema,
        SurfaceDeformationPrescription SurfacePrescription,
        InteriorDeformationExtension InteriorExtension,
        VacuumDeformationExtension VacuumExtension>
        requires SurfaceDeformationCompilable<
                     SurfacePrescription,
                     SurfaceDeformationCompilationContext> &&
                 InteriorDeformationExtensionCompilable<
                     InteriorExtension,
                     RadialDeformationExtensionCompilationContext> &&
                 VacuumDeformationExtensionCompilable<
                     VacuumExtension,
                     RadialDeformationExtensionCompilationContext>
    [[nodiscard]] auto compileDomainDeformation(
        const SurfacePrescription &surfacePrescription,
        const InteriorExtension &interiorExtension,
        const VacuumExtension &vacuumExtension,
        fem::FEM &finiteElementModel
    ) {
        if (!finiteElementModel.okay()) {
            throw std::invalid_argument("Domain deformation compilation requires a complete finite-element model.");
        }

        const field::ScalarBoundaryDofMap surfaceDofMap =
            field::make_stellar_surface_scalar_dof_map<SchemaT>(*finiteElementModel.surfaceDeformationFes);
        const SurfaceDeformationCompilationContext surfaceContext{
            *finiteElementModel.surfaceDeformationFes, surfaceDofMap
        };
        auto preparedSurface = compileSurfaceDeformationPrescription(surfacePrescription, surfaceContext);

        const RadialDeformationExtensionCompilationContext extensionContext =
            makeRadialDeformationExtensionCompilationContext<SchemaT>(
                *finiteElementModel.surfaceDeformationFes, *finiteElementModel.displacementFes,
                *finiteElementModel.logicalReferenceMesh
            );
        auto preparedInterior = compileInteriorDeformationExtension(interiorExtension, extensionContext);
        auto preparedVacuum   = compileVacuumDeformationExtension(vacuumExtension, extensionContext);

        return composePreparedDomainDeformation(
            std::move(preparedSurface), std::move(preparedInterior), std::move(preparedVacuum),
            *finiteElementModel.surfaceDeformationFes, *finiteElementModel.displacementFes,
            *finiteElementModel.logicalReferenceMesh
        );
    }
} // namespace mean_field::deformation